Clostridioides difficile in Non-hospital Sources (Animals, Food, and Environment) in Asian Countries: A Literature Review

Context: Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is an agent responsible for severe infection with a high mortality rate in healthcare facilities. With the discovery of C. community, it was assumed that this bacterium might be transmitted to humans through non-hospital sources. Evidence Acquisition: This study examined different aspects epidemiology Asian countries review literature using search engines such as Web Science, Scopus, and PubMed. Results: Based on pertaining Asia, highest found samples collected from farm animals, red meat, meat-based products. Two ribotypes 027 078, hypervirulent factors, were Resistance most frequently used antibiotics setting observed difficile. Conclusions: Due heterogeneity examination difficile, understanding actual condition difficult. However, presence two sources alarming. It seems necessary perform further studies Defining focal point research could helpful explore situation clinical settings communities countries.